Glossary

Here is a list of terms central to my scholastic writing. It is offered as a quick and easy way to understand them better.

Agency: The activeness and purposefulness of individuals and groups to attempt to influence their social reality in a variety of ways.

Cycles of imposed transparency: A dynamic in which two sides increasingly use transparency in order to combat each other.

Deny, Dismiss and Downplay (3Ds): The response of some developers towards the risk their tools create to affected stakeholders: Deny their own role in creating the risk, dismiss the potential or existing risk, and downplay the risk’s seriousness.

Empowering Surveillance: Surveillance that is done in the name of empowering a disadvantaged social group. Within it:
Hollow Infrastructure: Infrastructures that have lost much of their utility for particular groups of users but still maintain a façade of a fully functioning infrastructure.

Independent Research: Research in which the scholar has no compromising dependencies either on funding organizations or fellow scholars.

Industrialization of Surveillance: The current shift to mass-scale surveillance due to the surge in data-hungry AI methods (deep learning, large language models).

Insiders: Individuals with high access to services and the decision-making of an organization.

Large-Scope Research: A research that tries to answer a significant question regarding society by covering substantial ground, either in terms of studied period, location, or case studies.

Move / Counter-Move: The dynamic form in which struggles over conflictual issues play out. Virtually no move is ever the ‘final act’ in a given conflict.

Nontargets: Individuals/groups who most likely will not bear the brunt of a given surveillance technology, at least not in the short- and medium-term, and thus do not fear it.

Repressive-Responsiveness: Repression of large social groups that stems from democratic pressure applied by large, often majoritarian social groups on political actors to produce such repression.

Social Closure: A central power move within society in which resources are made accessible only to a particular group (and not to anybody else) through an exclusion criterion.

Sociological Accountability: Associating a detrimental social phenomenon with the social groups that either designed or contributed to the policy that created it.

Stratified Society: The tendency of societies to be characterized by different tiers of affluence and access to resources according to rigid criteria (e.g., ascribed categories such as race) and semi-rigid criteria (acquired and lifestyle categories such as education).

Stratifying Union: A trade union whose operations result in an increasingly stratified society and in increased inequality between workers.

Targeted Surveillance: Surveillance that is aimed at a specific social group, even if it is broadly applied.

Technological Reinventism: The attempt of developers and innovators to offer a bold and radically different technological solution in a high-stakes field in which many technological solutions have been tried.

Top-Down Power Flow: Refers to how power flows vertically, from the top, within an organization. There are two main types:
Transparency: Exposure of information about an individual or an organization in both the positive sense (e.g., revealing the truth) and the negative sense (e.g., exposing to attack). Transparency is subdivided into:
Union Exclusion/Inclusion: The policy of trade unions with regard to the individuals of a specific social group. Within it, there are four categories:
Union Standardization: The semi-automatic process in which trade unions equalize the conditions of their members and workers covered under their agreements.

Union Uses: A theoretical model that suggests that trade unions are tools in the hands of some of the union's members in order to achieve their goals, not only as they relate to employers but also to other workers.